Baker & McKenzie established its Toronto, Ontario office in 1962. A key element of our practice is advising multinationals on the full range of legal issues relating to their investment in Ontario and the rest of Canada. Our lawyers combine Canadian legal expertise with an understanding of the global business environment.

We are a law firm of more than 3,300 locally qualified, internationally experienced lawyers, in more than 65 offices in 38 countries, with the knowledge and resources to deliver the broad scope of quality legal services required to respond effectively to both international and local needs – consistently, confidently and with sensitivity for cultural, social and legal practice differences.

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This booklet has been prepared as of November 1, 2006, as general information for business people interested in establishing their business in Ontario. The information contained in this publication is of a general nature and should not be relied on as legal advice and should not be regarded as a substitute for detailed advice in individual cases. No responsibility for any loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of the material in this booklet is accepted by Baker & McKenzie LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership or the Government of Ontario.

In addition, Baker & McKenzie LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and the Government of Ontario do not assume and are not responsible for any liability arising from the use of any websites listed in this publication or from the linking to or the downloading of information or materials from any of the web sites listed.

Baker & McKenzie LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and the Government of Ontario do not assume and are not responsible for any liability for the operation, content (including the interpretation, comments or opinions expressed therein) or the right to display any such material information on any of the web sites listed. Baker & McKenzie LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership nor the Government of Ontario shall be liable for damages of any kind arising from this use of this publication site, including direct, special, indirect, punitive or consequential damages.

You should also review the privacy notice on those sites as their information collection practices may differ, as well as their terms of use. Specific comments or inquiries regarding those sites listed in this publication should be directed to the individual organization.

Please note that the information and web site addresses listed were current as of November 1, 2006 and are subject to change without notice.

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Investors from all over the world chose Ontario. Commercial law in Ontario offers many advantages that help make us one off the world’s most dynamic and profitable business centers.

• Ontario is generally open to foreign investment. Most foreign investment transactions in Ontario are not subject to review or approval.

• Incorporating your business in Ontario is fast and inexpensive. There are no monetary limitations on authorized capital or requirements for a minimum paid-in capital – (shares cannot be issued for no consideration but may be issued for nominal consideration).

• Competitive business costs. Ontario’s combined (provincial and federal) general corporate income tax rate is almost four percentage points below the U.S. average and our payroll taxes are the lowest of the G7 nations.

• Our R&D tax incentive program is one of the most generous in the world. When tax credits are factored in, the after-tax cost of $100 in R&D spending can be reduced to less than $41.

• Government programs facilitate the temporary entry of highly skilled workers. International firms establishing or expanding operations in Ontario can transfer key overseas personnel – and spouses can apply for their own work permits, something that can’t be done in many other jurisdictions.

• Ontario has lower employer payroll taxes than those in any G7 country. And the excellent, publicly supported health care and education system have helped Canada consistently rank at or near the top of the United Nation Human Development Index.

• Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Canada, the United States and Mexico are eliminating duties on goods originating in and traded between the three countries. Within a day’s drive of Toronto, Ontario’s capital, businesses have access to 106 million people with a total personal income of $US 2.8 trillion.

• A strategic location. Direct access to the $13.8 + trillion North America market plus strong trade partnerships with Europe and Asia.

• Canada boasts a strong and stable financial services sector. Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is Canada’s financial capital; the fully automated Toronto Stock Exchange consistently ranks as one of the world’s top exchanges.

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The financial services sector in Ontario is strong and stable. As a result of the constitutional division of powers, financial services are regulated by both federal and provincial legislation. The federal government has the legislative authority over banking, the incorporation of banks, the issue of paper money, currency and coinage, bills of exchange and promissory notes, interest, legal tender, bankruptcy and insolvency and the regulation of trade and commerce. Ontario has exclusive legislative competence in relation to property and civil rights in the province and, generally, all matters of a local or private nature within the province. This overlapping responsibility means that, depending on the type of financial product or service provided, there could be both federal and Ontario legislation to consider.

Today there are over 3,000 individual institutions offering financial services in Canada. In the past, the delivery of financial services was strictly divided between the so-called “four pillars” of banking, insurance, securities and trust services. Participants in each of these sectors were generally confined to offering products and services within their sectors. In recent years these restrictions have been lifted to some extent. For example, in 1992, banks obtained the right to own insurance, trust and securities subsidiaries. More recently, in 1999 the federal government permitted foreign banks to operate branches in Canada rather than act only through Canadian subsidiaries. Also in 1999, federal legislation allowed large mutual life insurance companies to demutualize or issue participating shares, in order to access capital. However, banks and other deposit taking financial institutions are still not permitted to compete with insurance retailers by selling insurance at their branches. Additional reforms are anticipated to further transform the regulatory environment for financial services in Canada.

2.2 Bank of Canada

The Bank of Canada is Canada’s central bank. It was founded in 1934 to regulate credit and currency in the Canadian economy. The Bank of Canada is not a government department but an independent Crown corporation that has considerable autonomy to manage the country’s financial system. It is responsible for monetary policy in cooperation and consultation with the Ministry of Finance, for central banking services, bank rates, currency, foreign exchange reserves, and the administration of public debt. The Governor of the Bank of Canada is appointed for a term of seven years and cannot be dismissed by the government. The Bank of Canada does not play any part in the regulation or daily administration of commercial banks in Canada.

2.3 The Regulations

a) Federal—The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions
The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) is the primary regulator of federal financial institutions and federally administered pension plans in Canada. It supervises and regulates all banks (domestic, as well as foreign bank subsidiaries and branches in Canada), and all federally incorporated or regulated trust and loan companies, insurance companies, cooperative credit associations, fraternal benefit societies and pension plans. A company must apply to OSFI to become a federally regulated financial institution entitled to carry on business in Canada. Applicants work with OSFI to ensure legislative and regulatory compliance. The application must include sufficient information to demonstrate that the company has the ability and resources to meet minimum requirements for conducting business in its field.

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions
Tel: 613-990-7788
Fax: 613-990-5591
Web: www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca

b) Provincial—Financial Services Commission of Ontario
The Financial Services Commission of Ontario (FSCO) regulates insurance, pensions, credit unions, caisses populaires, cooperatives, mortgage brokers, and loan and trust companies in Ontario.

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It was created in 1998 as an independent agency of the Ministry of Finance, integrating the operations of the former Ontario Insurance Commission, Pension Commission of Ontario and the Deposit Institutions Division of the Ministry of Finance. The Superintendent of Financial Services administers and enforces the relevant Ontario financial services statutes.

Financial Services Commission of Ontario
Tel: 416-250-7250
Web: www2.fsco.gov.on.ca/alias2a/agents.a2a

2.4 The Institutions

a) Banks
In Canada banks are federally regulated by the Bank Act and carry on business under the supervisory authority of OSFI. They provide financial services according to a common standard in all parts of the country, and they are integral to the implementation of national policies vital to the monetary and financial health of the country. Banks are categorized as Schedule I, II or III, the main difference between them being ownership.

Schedule I banks include eight dominant Canadian “chartered” banks which carry on branch banking across the country. Their shares are widely held. Many of these large domestic banks have operations in the United States and other foreign jurisdictions that may serve as a convenient conduit for foreign investors seeking access to the Canadian market.

The shares of Schedule II banks are closely held by foreign banks or other eligible financial institutions. Schedule II banks are typically Canadian subsidiaries of foreign banks which do not conduct branch banking operations in Canada, but do provide commercial banking activities.

In 1999 Schedule III banks were introduced into Canadian banking. Schedule III banks are authorized foreign banks. This development has allowed qualifying foreign banks to directly carry on commercial banking business in Canada through branches, rather than through separate Canadian subsidiaries.

Canadian banks are regarded as secure and sophisticated. Electronic banking continues to grow. It is estimated that over 85% of all banking transactions are now done electronically in Canada.

b) Trust Companies
Canadian trust companies are federally regulated by the Trust and Loan Companies Act, and also provincially regulated with respect to the activities of all loan and trust corporations carrying on business in specific provinces (in Ontario, the Loan and Trust Corporations Act). Like banks, trust companies in Canada are deposit-taking institutions that offer many of the same services that banks offer such as mortgages, chequing accounts, loans and investments. However, the main distinction is that trust companies specialize in fiduciary services which include wills and estate planning, investment administration, trust activities, and assistance to executors. Unlike Canadian banks which cannot act as trustees, Canadian trust companies can manage assets placed in trust.

c) Insurance
i) Insurance Companies
Insurance companies in Canada offer insurance products and services as well as a broad range of other financial services to both individuals and corporations including pension fund management and mutual funds.

The insurance industry in Canada is regulated concurrently by both federal and provincial legislation. Federal legislation regulates the creation and authorization of insurance companies including the approval of foreign incorporated insurance companies in Canada insuring risks, and it has supremacy and exclusive jurisdiction over the financial stability and solvency matters relating to federally and foreign incorporated insurance companies operating in Canada. The provincial government has jurisdiction over most other insurance matters including the contractual relations between insurers and their customers, the form and content of insurance contracts, business and marketing practices, and agent and broker licensing. Provincial regulation extends to all companies wishing to do business in a particular province, regardless of whether they are incorporated under federal, provincial, or foreign legislation.

The Ontario Insurance Act regulates the business of insurance in Ontario, and requires every insurer undertaking insurance in Ontario or carrying on business in Ontario to obtain and hold a licence. A wide range of specific activities are deemed to constitute “carrying on business” in Ontario. The Act is restrictive in its approach to unlicensed foreign insurers or their agents marketing to residents of Ontario.

ii) Insurance Agents and Brokers
Insurance agents and brokers are generally governed by the Ontario Insurance Act, while brokers are also subject to the provisions of the Registered Insurance Brokers Act (RIBA). It is an offence for any person to act as an insurance agent without a licence under the Ontario Insurance Act.

Insurance brokers are self-regulated professionals in Ontario and are not licensed by the government. The RIBA establishes the governing body for insurance brokers, the Registered Insurance Brokers of Ontario (RIBO). Although some of the basic criteria and requirements for membership are established by regulation, RIBO rather than the government generally determines the details of admission and membership. RIBO regulates the licensing, professional competence, ethical conduct and insurance related financial obligations of all independent general insurance brokers in the province of Ontario. Insurance brokers must be certified and registered under the RIBA in order to carry on business in the province.

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Registered Insurance Brokers of Ontario
Tel: 416-365-1900
Fax: 416-365-7664
Web: www.ribo.com

d) Credit Unions and Caisses Populaires
Credit unions and caisses populaires are member-owned deposit-taking financial institutions that provide a wide range of products and services. They are provincially regulated in Ontario by the Credit Unions and Caisses Populaires Act.

e) Securities Dealers
Securities regulation is fundamental to many different types of business transactions, far beyond the trading of shares on the public market. Securities regulation in Canada is a matter of provincial jurisdiction. In Ontario trades and distributions of securities are governed by the Securities Act under the supervisory authority of the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC). No person or company may trade in securities in Ontario unless such person is registered under the Securities Act. In addition, the Securities Act regulates the activity of advising in respect of securities.

The business of investment or securities dealers involves the trading of securities for clients. Such dealers offer a variety of related financial services including fund management, under-writing, and financial advice. “Discount” brokerages simply execute trades for clients, whereas the “full service” brokerages offer sophisticated wealth management services. With the recent “blurring” of some of the distinctions between the so-called “four pillars,” all of the major Canadian domestic banks now have discount brokerage operations.

Ontario Securities Commission
Tel: 416-593-8314
Fax: 416-593-8122
Web: www.osc.gov.on.ca

Each province in Canada has established a system of courts for the administration of justice. In addition, certain specialized federal courts exist to deal with income tax, intellectual property, and other federal subjects. Since the provinces exercise jurisdiction over “property and civil rights,” most dispute resolution is handled by the provincial court system.

The Superior Court of Justice exercises original trial jurisdiction of the Court in Ontario for civil matters. The Small Claims Court is a branch of the Superior Court of Justice and provides a comparatively informal forum for the resolution of disputes where the amount involved is less than $10,000. The Ontario Court of Justice is a second branch of the trial courts in Ontario, and is comprised of those courts dealing with criminal and family matters, as well as provincial offences.

Ontario has two levels of appeal courts. The Divisional Court is a branch of the Superior Court of Justice and has limited appellate jurisdiction, while the Court of Appeal for Ontario is the superior court of record in Ontario and exercises general appellate jurisdiction from both the trial division and from the Divisional Court.

The Supreme Court of Canada is the final court of appeal in Canada for all matters and is composed of nine judges appointed by the federal government from each region of the country.

3.2 Civil Litigation Process

Civil litigation follows three stages: a pleadings stage, a discovery stage and a trial stage. Pleadings set out the substantive elements of the claim or the defence. Discovery involves compliance with extensive pre-trial disclosure rules, involving the examination of parties to the litigation and the exchange of documents relevant to the matters at issue.

Between the discovery and trial stages, the Courts have various “pre-trial” procedures with the aim of promoting settlements and speeding up the litigation.

Following discovery, litigants in Ontario proceed to a trial, normally conducted by a judge alone. In certain matters, trials may be heard before a jury, which may be comprised of six or twelve members of the community in which the trial is being heard, depending on the jurisdiction.

Fast Facts
Ontario is part of the US $13.8 trillion North American Free Trade market. Total trade with Europe has grown to almost $11 billion annually and more than $16 billion annually with Asian leaders.

3.3 Jurisdiction

In order for the Ontario courts to establish jurisdiction over a defendant, the court must be convinced that there exists a sufficient connection between the defendant and the territory in which the proceeding has been instituted. This connection may be established where the defendant

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(i) resides within the territorial jurisdiction of the court; (ii) has been served with the originating process within the court’s territorial jurisdiction; and/or (iii) voluntarily submits to the jurisdiction of that court.

Canadian courts additionally have “long arm” rules which allow courts to assert jurisdiction on the basis of a connection between the proposed jurisdiction and the subject matter of the dispute. For example, an Ontario court may assume jurisdiction over a dispute based on (i) the residence of one of the parties to the litigation; (ii) where a contract that is the subject matter of the litigation was executed or breached within Ontario; (iii) where a tort has allegedly been committed in Ontario; and/or (iv) where a company’s head office is situated within Ontario or that company carries on business in Ontario.

Canadian courts generally accept the parties’ contractual choice of jurisdiction in which disputes arising from their relationship will be adjudicated, although the Court may, in extreme circumstances, override a contractual choice of jurisdiction clause. Similarly, Canadian courts will generally honour a contract in which the parties to a dispute have agreed that any disputes will be governed by the substantive laws of another jurisdiction. Canadian courts can and do hear such disputes, although the parties are required to prove the substantive law of the foreign jurisdiction by presenting testimony from a lawyer who is an expert on the law of the foreign jurisdiction.

3.4 Arbitration in Ontario

In Ontario, domestic arbitrations are governed by the Arbitration Act (Domestic Act). International arbitrations are governed by the International Commercial Act (International Act), which adopts, as a Schedule, the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, as adopted by UNCITRAL. Both arbitration Acts recognize the legitimacy of the arbitral process and the Ontario courts have exercised judicial deference to properly constituted arbitrations. The Courts have expressly indicated their willingness to stay Court proceedings in favour of arbitrations.

In order for an arbitral award to be enforced in Ontario, a judgment recognizing the award by the Judge of the Ontario Superior Court is necessary. If the arbitration agreement provides that an award is final and binding, there will be no right of appeal.

Fast Facts
Ontario’s high-tech sector employs more than 230,000 people and has annual revenues of more than US$ 40 billion.

In order to encourage, facilitate and monitor levels of foreign investment in Canada, the federal government enacted the Investment Canada Act (ICA). The ICA monitors the establishment of new businesses and acquisition of existing businesses by non-Canadians. Non-Canadians, for the purposes of the ICA, are individuals who are neither citizens nor permanent residents of Canada, and entities which are not controlled by Canadian citizens or permanent residents.

Under the ICA, most foreign investment transactions, except for transactions that fall within the categories of reviewable transactions discussed below, are not subject to prior review or approval and must simply be notified to Industry Canada.

4.2 Notifiable Transactions

a) New Business
A non-Canadian establishing a new business in Canada must file a form of notification with Industry Canada, within thirty days of the commencement of the business; in most cases, this will be a simple procedure.

b) Acquisition of Control
Notification within the same time period is also all that is required for the acquisition of a Canadian business by a non-Canadian, with the exception of reviewable transactions described below which are deemed “significant” for either the size of the transaction, or the nature of the business.

4.3 Reviewable Transactions

a) Significant Transactions
There are generally three types of transactions that may be subject to prior review under the ICA. The first category of reviewable transaction involves review of acquisitions of “significant” Canadian businesses by a non-Canadian. For the year 2006, a “significant” Canadian business for purposes of acquisition of control by a World Trade Organization (WTO) member investor is defined as a business whose assets have a book value in excess of $265 million. For investors from non-WTO member countries, the threshold asset value for prior review is $5 million unless the business is being acquired from a non-Canadian which is a WTO member investor.

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b) Special Treatment Businesses
The second category of reviewable transaction involves acquisitions of “cultural businesses” including businesses carrying on the publication or sale of books, films, music recordings, music and radio or television broadcasting, and businesses engaged in the production of uranium, or providing financial or transportation services. The acquisitions by non-Canadians of such businesses whose asset value is more than $5 million are subject to review.

c) Business Relevant to Canadian Heritage and National Identity
Finally, the federal government reserves an overriding discretion to review foreign investments, which would otherwise be merely notifiable, in rare circumstances where the business activity relates to Canada’s “cultural heritage or national identity,” and, where the government, on recommendation of the Minister, considers that it is in the public interest to review the investment. In such cases, the investor must be notified within 21 days of submitting the required notification under the ICA.

The review and approval of all investments relating to cultural industries is the responsibility of the Minister of Canadian Heritage. All the other investments are the responsibility of the Minister of Industry.

In deciding whether to grant approval, the government will determine whether the acquisition will result in a “net benefit” to Canada. Acquisitions that are subject to review generally cannot be completed until approval is received. The ICA sets out a 45-day period as the norm for consideration of reviewable transactions. The review period may be extended for an additional 30 days and frequently is.

Industry Canada Investment Review Division
Tel: 613-954-1887
Web: investcan.ic.gc.ca

a) Canadian Corporations
Direct investment in Canada is often through the establishment of a corporation, which may be formed under provincial or federal law. The commentary that follows relates to private, as opposed to public (offering) corporations, and is based on the provisions of the federal Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA) and the provincial Ontario Business Corporations Act (OBCA).

b) Incorporation Procedure
Incorporation may be effected rapidly and inexpensively. Often the most pressing initial matter is to choose a corporate name that is not confusingly similar to that of an existing corporation or trademark. Incorporation is achieved by the filing of Articles of Incorporation and the issuance of a Certificate of Incorporation. Articles of Incorporation for federal and Ontario corporations do not require a statement of objects or any monetary expression of authorized capital. Corporations formed under the CBCA and OBCA are granted all the rights of a natural person. There are no requirements for a minimum paid-in capital.

Unless otherwise provided for in its articles, all shares of a federal or Ontario corporation are fully participating, voting common shares without par value. More complex share provisions may be designed and there is a wide flexibility as to the rights and conditions that may be attached. Shares of Ontario and federal corporations are not properly issued until they are fully paid for in money, property or past services.

A corporate name may be in English and/or French, and if a special provision is made in the corporation’s articles, any other language, as long as only letters from the English alphabet and Arabic numerals are used. The name must include one of the following indicators of limited liability: “Limited,” “Ltd.”, “Incorporated,” “Inc.”, “Corporation” or “Corp.”

Incorporation may be effected without a prior name search by using a numbered company. Corporate names consisting of a number plus words such as “Ontario Inc.” or “Canada Ltd.” are commonplace. The name may be changed for a nominal fee at a later time with approval of the directors. It is not unusual to see corporations operating under their number names with one or more registered “doing-business-as” names. Regardless of whether a corporation operates under its corporate name or a registered business name, there are certain key documents that must always set out the corporate name, such as contracts and negotiable instruments (including cheques). Where a corporation wishes to protect its name across the country, it may be preferable to incorporate federally as a federal corporation may operate under its corporate name in every province whereas an Ontario corporation’s name is reserved only in the province of incorporation.

Fast Facts
The Windsor-Detroit border crossing is North America’s busiest. Each day, 9,000 trucks cross the Ambassador Bridge carrying over $300 million worth of just-in-time deliveries.

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A corporation formed in one province must register in every other province or territory in which it will “carry on business.” However, Ontario and Québec have entered into a reciprocal arrangement requiring annual filings but no extra-provincial registration per se. CBCA corporations are also required to register in each province where they carry on business.

FEDERAL INCORPORATION
Industry Canada
Corporations Directorate
Tel: 613-941-9042
Fax: 613-941-0601
Web: strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/corpdir/engdoc/homepage.html

Business Registration Online
Web: www.businessregistration.gc.ca

c) Directors and Officers
The board of directors of a corporation has the power and responsibility to manage the corporation’s affairs. Federal or Ontario corporations may have one or more directors, and may provide in their Articles for a minimum and maximum number of directors, with the precise number to be established from time to time. The board of directors of an OBCA corporation must be composed of a majority of resident Canadians. However, if there are two directors of an Ontario corporation, only one need be a resident Canadian. Under the OBCA, directors are prohibited from transacting any business at a meeting of directors unless a majority of the directors present are resident Canadians.

A CBCA corporation must have a board of directors composed of at least 25% resident Canadians, and if there are fewer than four directors, at least one director must be a resident Canadian. Directors under the CBCA and OBCA must be individuals, at least 18 years old, not bankrupt and not of unsound mind. Directors of Canadian corporations must be individuals.

Canada has no residency requirement for corporate officers. Officers must be individuals. Although there is no legal requirement to appoint officers, most corporations have at least a president and a secretary. The same individual may fill both offices. Subject to the corporation’s articles, by-laws or any unanimous shareholders’ agreement, directors may appoint officers, designate their title and delegate to them powers to manage the affairs of the corporation. The standard that directors and officers are held to is that they must act “honestly, in good faith with a view to the best interests of the corporation,” and they must exercise the “care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances.”

The corporate formalities required to operate a Canadian corporation are minimal. Any resolution of shareholders or directors may be passed by unanimous written consent without the necessity of convening formal meetings. This is true even with respect to the annual business, being as the approval of financial statements, the election of auditors and directors, and the appointment of officers.

d) Auditors and Public Disclosure of Financial Information
Federally incorporated private corporations and Ontario private corporations may, by resolution, dispense with the appointment of an auditor. The OBCA and CBCA do not require private corporations to make public disclosure of financial information.

e) Unanimous Shareholder Agreements
The board of directors has statutory power to manage the corporation. However, a unanimous shareholder agreement of all shareholders, or a written declaration of a sole shareholder, may be entered into whereby the shareholders assume, or the sole shareholder assumes, some or all of the powers of the directors to manage the business and affairs of the corporation. This arrangement may be particularly useful where Canadian resident directors are appointed solely to meet residency requirements. Unanimous shareholder agreements are also useful to set out rights and obligations as among the shareholders themselves, typically making provision for “rights of first refusal” and “pre-emptive rights,” to ensure shareholdings stay within a certain group. The shareholder(s) acquires all the liabilities associated with the powers of the directors that it acquires pursuant to the USA.

5.2 Branch Operations
Branch operations in Canada are a possible alternative to incorporation. A non-Canadian corporation may register to carry on business in Ontario as a branch in the same manner as a corporation incorporated federally or in any province. Non-Canadian corporations with branch operations must appoint a local agent for the service of court documents.

A key distinction between operating through a subsidiary corporation as opposed to a branch is that a branch is not a legal person and, as such, the non-Canadian corporation is subject to liabilities incurred by the branch in the Canadian business.

5.3 Partnerships

a) General Partnerships
Partnership is a less commonly utilized form of business organization in Canada, but it provides significant organizational flexibility. There are no citizenship requirements in the applicable partnership statutes.

A partnership does not generally provide the limited liability associated with incorporated companies.

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In a “general partnership,” all partners are subject to unlimited liability for the obligations of the partnership.

A “partnership” is defined as a relationship existing between persons carrying on a business in common with a view to generating a profit. The Ontario Partnerships Act regulates Ontario partnerships, whether or not they arise pursuant to an agreement. An Ontario partnership is required to file a registration form providing information about the partners themselves, the name under which business is to be conducted, and the activity carried out in the partnership name.

b) Limited Partnership
Ontario also allows the more restricted form of liability associated with a “limited partnership,” wherein a partner’s liability may be restricted to the amount of his or her contributed capital. As a general rule, limited partners are not permitted to participate actively in the management of the partnership, although the general partners may be restricted from taking certain action without the consent of the limited partners. A limited partnership is prohibited unless there are one or more general partners with unlimited liability.

5.4 Strategic Alliances

Foreign investors often favour a joint venture with a Canadian party over the establishment of a wholly-owned subsidiary. Joint ventures may be created by the establishment of a new business or by the acquisition of a partial interest in an existing Canadian business, in either case, in co-operation with another entity, frequently one with local experise. The best structure is usually

determined by evaluating the desired business relationship, the need for limited liability and the tax circumstances of the proposed joint venture partners.

a) Contractual Joint Venture
If the parties intend their relationship to be short-term, such as for a single project, they may carry out the joint venture by entering into a contract, without forming a new separate entity. The disadvantage of conducting a joint venture in this manner is that liability to third parties will not be limited to the assets of any new joint venture vehicle. A contractual joint venture is not a separate legal person and therefore the parties will own the assets and will be responsible for the debts and obligations of the joint venture from the parties’ own assets. Furthermore, profits or losses of a contractual joint venture will flow directly through to the parties in accordance with their joint venture agreement.

b) Partnership Joint Venture
A foreign investor may conduct business in Canada as a member of a general partnership or a limited partnership, typically through a written agreement between the parties. In a general partnership, all partners may participate in management and all have unlimited liability for partnership debts. A general partnership is frequently used for commercial or industrial joint ventures among corporate partners.

Unlike a contractual joint venture, assets may be held in the name of the partnership and the partnership may itself enter into contracts. The liability of the joint venture partners to third parties will not be limited to the capital that the partners contributed to the joint venture. The partners often attempt to reduce this risk by having each joint venture partner create a subsidiary corporation in or outside Canada with a limited amount of capital and then organizing the partnership between the subsidiary corporations.

Joint ventures in the form of limited partnerships are less typical but are sometimes used for investments in real estate or natural resources projects. The foreign investor would act as a limited partner, thereby gaining limited liability. Any profits or losses would pass through to the limited partner. However, the limited partner would have no right to participate in the management of the joint venture.

c) Incorporated Joint Venture
An incorporated joint venture is a corporation with limited liability and two or more shareholders. This arrangement is best suited to long-term, ongoing business relationships and provides the advantage of limited liability. The joint venture agreement will typically contain a detailed exposition of the management responsibilities, capital structure and intended operation of the business. The capital structure of an incorporated joint venture will generally consist of contributions to capital and shareholder loans. The parties may contribute cash or other property, such as physical assets to be used in the business.

By way of a unanimous shareholders agreement, shareholders may assume the powers of the directors of the joint venture and manage the corporation directly.

Fast Facts
Canadians rank third in the world for high-speed internet access — a key target market for future sales and profit growth.

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Both the Ontario and federal government impose income tax on individuals and corporations.

The federal government conducts the collection of personal income taxes for Ontario. The Ontario and federal personal income tax rates are different but are usually applied to the same income.

The province of Ontario currently administers and collects income tax from corporations that carry on business in Ontario. However, Ontario and the Federal government have agreed that the Canada Revenue Agency (federal) collect all corporate taxes on behalf of the Province starting in 2009. The Ontario and federal corporate income tax rates are different but apply generally to the same income.

6.2 Basis of Taxation

a) Residents
Canadian resident “persons,” including individuals, corporations, trusts and estates, are taxed on their income from all sources worldwide. Income may be earned from employment, business, property, dispositions of capital property and from other sources.

Canada’s tax treaties and Ontario legislation provide relief from double taxation where a person may be considered taxable in both Canada and the treaty country because of that person’s residence, citizenship, domicile, etc. The treaties provide rules for determining whether a person is resident in Canada or in the treaty country. Generally, a person who is resident in one treaty country will not be considered resident in the other.

b) Non-Residents
Non-residents of Canada are subject to taxation only on income from employment and business income earned in Canada, and on one-half of gains realized from the disposition of taxable Canadian property, such as real estate or shares in a Canadian private corporation.

Canada’s tax treaties and Ontario legislation reduce the extent to which non-resident persons are subject to Canadian and Ontario tax. For example, under almost all such treaties, profits earned by non-residents from carrying on business in Canada and Ontario are not taxed unless they arise from a “permanent establishment” of the non-resident in Canada and Ontario. The term “permanent establishment” generally refers to a fixed place of business or certain kinds of arrangements with employees or agents in Canada.

6.3 Rates of Taxation

a) Individuals
Under both federal and Ontario legislation, marginal tax rates apply to individuals. For 2006, provided the most recently announced budget is enacted into law and beyond, the combined federal and Ontario top marginal rate for individuals is 46.4% for salary and interest, 23.2% for capital gains and approximately 26.3% for dividends. The tax rate on dividends may further decline if the provinces follow the recent changes in the federal budget for dividends.

b) Corporations
As with individual tax rates, the federal government has announced reductions in corporate tax rates. However, the reductions are proposed to take place in future years and may not come into effect.

Ontario Corporate Income Tax Rates
	2005	2006	2007	2008
General	14.0%	14.0%	14.0%	14.0%
Manufacturing/Processing	12.0%	12.0%	12.0%	12.0%
Small Business	5.5%	5.5%	5.5%	5.5%

Combined Federal/Provincial Corporate Income Tax Rates
	2005	2006	2007	2008
General	36.1%	36.1%	36.1%	34.5%
Manufacturing/Processing	34.1%	34.1%	34.1%	34.1%
Small Business	18.6%	18.6%	18.6%	17%

Ministry of Finance
Corporations Tax Branch
Tel: 905-433-6500
Fax: 905-433-6998

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c) Capital Gains
The Ontario and federal governments require 50% of capital gains to be included in income. Individuals who become residents of Canada will be subject to Canadian tax only on the gain that accrues on certain property while the person is a Canadian resident. Individuals are entitled to an exemption on capital gains realized upon the disposition of their principal residence.

d) Tax Credit Rate for 50 percent Canadian-Owned Corporations
A lower rate of taxation is available to a private corporation in which Canadians hold at least 50% of the voting interest. The federal lower rate is available to the first $300,000 of active business income. The Ontario lower rate is available to the first $400,000 of active business income. Foreign investors may hold up to 50% of the voting shares of a Canadian joint venture corporation and still qualify for the reduced rate.

Fast Facts
Toronto’s Pearson International Airport is serviced by more than 65 airlines, providing same-plane service to 43 cities in the U.S. and 42 cities abroad.

e) Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED)
Businesses in Ontario are eligible for tax relief for their research and development expenditures. Current and capital expenditures on SR&ED are deductible by a business in computing income. In addition, a 20% tax credit is available for many expenditures that qualify for the SR&ED deduction (“qualified expenditures”). For private corporations not controlled by non-residents, the amount of this tax credit is increased to 35% of qualifying expenditures and is a refundable credit i.e., if the credit exceeds tax otherwise payable, the business may receive a refund.

f) Withholding Tax
Dividends, interest, management or administration fees, and royalties (including lump sum payments for the use of property in Canada) paid to a non-resident are subject to a withholding tax of 25%. Canada’s treaties generally reduce this percentage. For example, under the Canada- US Treaty, the withholding rate on interest is 10% and 5% on dividends paid by a subsidiary to a parent (in other cases, the dividend withholding rate is 15%). Under some Canadian treaties, such as the Canada-US Treaty, the withholding rate on royalties for certain intellectual property rights, such as patents and computer software, is 0%. In lieu of a withholding tax, Ontario adds back to income a portion of certain payments to non-residents who were not dealing at arm’s length.

g) Capital Tax
Both the Ontario and federal governments are committed to phasing out and completely eliminating the tax on the capital of large corporations. The Canadian federal government has announced in the most recent budget that the capital tax has been eliminated as of January 1, 2006. Ontario is also projecting that it will eliminate the capital tax; however, this will not be accomplished until January 1, 2012. For 2005, Ontario levies corporate capital tax on the taxable capital of a corporation in excess of $10 million at the rate of 0.3%. Taxable capital essentially is comprised of the assets on the balance sheet, along with adjustments for reserves and any other surplus, less an investment allowance for shares held in other corporations.

Capital Tax Rates
	2005	2006	2007	2008
Federal - rate	0.175%	0%	0%	0%
Federal - deductible	$50 Million	Eliminated as of January 1, 2006
Ontario - rate	0.3%	0.3%	0.285%	0.285%
Ontario - deductible	$5 Million	$10 Million	$12.5 Million	$15 Million

h) Corporate Minimum Tax
Ontario imposes a corporate minimum tax (CMT) of 4% on corporations which individually or together with associated corporations have annual gross revenues in excess of $10 million or total assets in excess of $5 million. The CMT is payable only if it exceeds regular corporate income tax payable. The 4% CMT rate is applied to the “CMT base.” The CMT base is essentially a financial statement net income or loss before taxes plus certain prescribed additions and less certain prescribed subtractions. If CMT is payable in a year, it can be deducted in future years (up to ten) against ordinary corporate income tax payable.

i) Branch Tax
The Income Tax Act levies an additional 25% tax on a non-resident corporation carrying on business in Canada through a branch. This tax is imposed on after-tax Canadian profits of such corporations that are not reinvested in Canada. The branch tax is in lieu of the withholding tax that would be levied were the corporation resident in Canada and paying dividends to non-resident shareholders.

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The branch tax is reduced under Canada’s tax treaties to the applicable treaty withholding tax rate on dividends. In some treaties, such as that with the United States, there is a cumulative exemption from branch tax on the first $500,000 of branch profits.

j) Employer Health Tax
In Ontario, the health care system is partially funded by way of a graduated payroll tax levied against employers. If an employer’s payroll (defined as total remuneration to employees, including benefits) exceeds $400,000 the Employer Health Tax rate is 1.95% of total payroll.

Ministry of Finance Employer Health Tax Branch
Tel: 905-436-4561
Fax: 905-436-4471

k) Land Transfer Tax
The province of Ontario charges land transfer tax on the acquisition of an interest in real property, including freehold, easements and in some cases leasehold interests. The amount of the tax is based on the value of consideration paid for the interest in real property. The tax is payable on registration of the conveyance in the applicable registry office or, in the case of unregistered dispositions of a beneficial interest in land, within 30 days of the disposition taking place.

6.4 Differences from Other Tax systems

• Non-residents who invest in Canadian corporations may receive their capital back without payment of tax.
• Canada and Ontario do not have “ordering rules” that require dividends to be paid before capital is returned.
• Canada and Ontario do not impose an “inventory tax.”
• Canada and Ontario do not impose “stamp” taxes.

6.5 Federal Goods and Services Tax

a) General
A federal value-added tax, known as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), applies to most goods and services imported into or sold in Canada. In Ontario, the GST is imposed at a rate of 6%. Ontario also administers its own provincial sales tax.

As a general rule, the GST is collected throughout the production and distribution chain. Businesses at each level of the chain charge GST on their domestic sales and are able to claim a full refundable credit, known as an “input tax credit,” for any GST paid on purchases of goods and services used in the course of doing business. Persons required to collect and remit GST must register with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and file GST returns at the end of each reporting period, remitting the difference between the GST charged on sales and input tax credits claimed for the period. If the input tax credits exceed the amount of GST charged on sales in any reporting period, the difference is refunded.

When obtaining a business number with CRA, companies may open accounts for corporate income tax, import/export, payroll deductions as well as GST.

The GST base is very broad, covering the vast majority of “supplies” made in Canada. A “supply” is the provision of property or a service in any manner including a sale, transfer, barter, exchange, licence, rental, lease or gift. GST is not payable on a limited number of supplies specifically designated as “zero-rated” supplies (also referred to as “tax- free supplies”) and “tax-exempt” supplies. Zero-rated supplies include basic groceries, agricultural and fish products, prescription drugs and medical devices. Tax-exempt supplies include certain domestic financial services, health care services and educational services. The key difference between zero- rated supplies and tax-exempt supplies is that the vendor or lessor making zero-rated supplies is entitled to recover the GST it has paid by claiming input tax credits, whereas vendors or lessors making tax-exempt supplies cannot.

b) Registration Requirements
As a general rule, all persons engaged in a “commercial activity” in Canada must register to collect the GST within 30 days of first making a taxable supply in Canada.

Non-residents are required to register only if they carry on business in Canada and make taxable supplies in Canada. It should be noted, however, that a non-resident corporation which has a “permanent establishment” in Canada, as defined for GST purposes, is deemed to be resident in Canada in respect of those activities carried on through that establishment.

c) Imports
The GST is generally payable on the duty-paid value of goods imported into Canada. The duty-paid value is the value for duty determined for customs purposes plus any customs duties and excise duties and taxes. The GST payable on imported non-commercial goods is collected by the Canada Border Services Agency at the same time customs duties are collected. Non-commercial goods are goods other than those imported for sale or for any commercial, industrial, occupational or institutional use.

GST also applies to services and intangible property, such as intellectual property rights, imported into Canada. GST is not imposed, however, on these supplies when imported by registrants for use in a “commercial activity,” as this term is defined for GST purposes. Where the imported service or intangible property is for use other than in a commercial activity (for example, in providing an exempt supply such as domestic financial services), the GST applies on a self-assessment basis.

d) Exports
The GST applies only to supplies of goods and services “made” in Canada. Supplies of goods and services that are made outside Canada are beyond the scope of the GST. Special deeming rules are contained in the legislation for purposes of determining when a supply is made inside or outside of Canada.

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Furthermore, certain supplies of goods and services that are made in Canada are specifically designated as zero-rated exports and are not subject to GST. Therefore, as a general rule, the GST does not apply to goods and services exported from Canada. Exporters are entitled, however, to claim input tax credits to recover any GST paid on goods and services for use in their commercial activities, thereby completely removing from the exported goods and services any GST component.

Canada Revenue Agency
Business Number Registration and GST Inquiries
Tel: 519-252-4705
Web: www.cra-arc.gc.ca

e) 4.6 Ontario Sales Taxes
All Canadian provinces have some form of general or limited sales tax, such as sales taxes, use taxes, value-added taxes, or specific sectoral taxes on fuel, tobacco, or hotel and accommodation taxes.

The Ontario Retail Sales Tax (RST), sometimes referred to as the Provincial Sales Tax, is a form of sales and use tax. It applies to most sales, leases, and licences of tangible personal property, computer software, and insurance policy premiums. It also applies to certain services including telecommunications, admissions and ticket sales, transient accommodation, commercial parking, warranties, and labour services provided to install, assemble, dismantle, adjust, repair or maintain tangible personal property.

The general rate of RST in Ontario is 8% and is calculated on the fair value of taxable goods, taxable services and insurance premiums. RST rates of 10% or 12% apply to liquor, beer, and wine depending on where these items are sold and the rate of RST is 10% on admissions to places of amusement that exceed $4.00. There is also a 5% tax on accommodations. The RST on automobile insurance premiums was gradually phased out and no longer applies as of April 1, 2004.

Ontario Ministry of Finance
Retail Sales Tax Branch
Tel: 519-433-3901
Fax: 519-661-6618
Web: www.gov.on.ca/fin

f) 4.7 Municipal Taxation
Municipal taxation in Ontario generally takes the form of real property taxation. Ontario municipalities do not impose sales taxes or income taxes. Real property taxes are not imposed by the federal government. Municipalities levy and collect property taxes based on assessed values which are determined by the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation. Municipalities may also levy development charges against particular properties if such developments will increase the need for its services. Education tax rates are set by the Province and education taxes are collected by the municipalities in areas with municipal organization and by school boards in areas without municipal organization. Properties that are in unincorporated areas are also liable for a provincial land tax which is levied and collected by the Province.

The Customs Act governs the administration and enforcement of Canada’s customs laws. All goods imported into Canada must be reported to the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) and all applicable duties and taxes must be paid. The amount of customs duty payable will depend upon the tariff classification, the origin and the value of the goods as determined for customs purposes.

a) Business Number—Importer/Exporter Account Number
All Canadian individuals or businesses importing on a commercial basis must obtain a Business Number and an Import/Export Account in order to account for their goods. The CBSA uses this number and the Import/Export Account to identify a business and to process Customs accounting documents. Application forms are available from all CBSA offices.

Canada Revenue Agency
Tel: 613-952-3741 (Business Number Registration)
Tel: 204-983-3500 (Customs Information Service)
Web: www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca

b) Customs Brokers
A customs broker acts as an agent of an importer in dealings with the CBSA. Although any agent, customs brokers included, may undertake most customs work on behalf of importers, only customs brokers who have been licensed by the CBSA may account for goods and pay duties and taxes on behalf of an importer on a commercial basis.

c) Tariff Classification of Imported Goods
Canada’s Customs Tariff (Canada) is based on the international Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. The classification of goods under the Customs Tariff is used to determine the rate of duty that applies, for statistical purposes, and to see if any of the following apply: prohibitions, quotas, anti-dumping or countervailing duties.

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d) Valuation of Imported Goods
To find out how much duty and tax will apply to an imported good, importers must first know the value of the goods in question. The primary method of valuing goods for Canadian customs purposes is the transaction value method. The transaction value is the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to Canada to a purchaser in Canada, subject to certain adjustments, provided that the vendor and the purchaser are not related, or if they are related, provided that it can be shown that the relationship has not influenced the price. In other words, the value for duty is usually based upon the selling price between the exporter and the importer. Where the transaction value method cannot be used (for example, if there is no sale for export to Canada), the Customs Act provides a number of alternative methods of valuation which must be applied in a specified order.

e) Tariff Treatment
Goods imported into Canada from most countries are entitled to Most-Favoured-Nation tariff treatment. There are, however, a number of preferential duty rates available provided the goods in question meet prescribed rules of origin. Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), for example, goods imported into Canada from the United States and Mexico and which meet the NAFTA rules of origin are entitled to benefit from the reduced rates of duty provided under the United States Tariff, the Mexican Tariff and the Mexican-United States Tariff depending upon whether the goods are, in general, the product of the United States, the product of Mexico or the product of both countries, respectively. Canada has also implemented free trade agreements with Chile, Costa Rica and Israel. In addition, goods originating in certain countries, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea are entitled to preferential rates of duty under the General Preferential Tariff, provided certain local content requirements are met.

7.2 Import Controls

The Canadian Government restricts the importation of certain goods, such as dairy, meat and poultry products, to promote various domestic policy objectives as well as to implement intergovernmental arrangements or commitments. Goods that are subject to import controls are contained in an Import Control List established under the Export and Import Permits Act (EIPA). Persons who wish to import into Canada goods found on the Import Control List must first obtain an import permit from the Export and Import Controls Bureau of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Export and Import Controls Bureau
Tel: 613-996-2387
Fax: 613-996-9933
Web: www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/eicb

7.3 Export Controls

The EIPA not only controls the import of certain goods into Canada, but also controls the export of certain goods and technologies from Canada.

In order to control certain exports from Canada, the EIPA authorizes the federal cabinet to establish an Export Control List (ECL) and an Area Control List (ACL). Goods and technologies listed on the ECL include military goods and technologies, dual-purpose industrial goods and technologies with both civilian and military applications, nuclear-related goods and technologies and miscellaneous non-strategic goods. Exporters whose goods or technologies are found on the ECL are required to obtain an export permit to export such goods to all destinations. An exception to this rule is that it is not necessary to obtain an export permit if the country of final destination is the United States, except for nuclear-related goods and certain miscellaneous items. The ACL contains a list of countries to which all exports are subject to controls and for which an export permit must be obtained, whether or not the goods are contained on the ECL.

Exporters must apply to the Export and Import Controls Bureau of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade for an individual export permit. However, in specific circumstances General Export Permits (GEPs) may be available. GEPs authorize the export of certain goods to eligible countries without requiring the exporter to apply for an individual export permit, provided prescribed conditions are met.

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
Export and Import Controls Bureau
Tel: 613-996-2387
Fax: 613-996-9933
Web: www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/~eicb/epd_home.htm

7.4 The North American Free Trade Agreement

The NAFTA is a comprehensive free trade agreement consistent with Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1997. This means essentially that Canada, the United States and Mexico have agreed to eliminate customs duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce on “substantially all the trade” in goods originating between the three countries.

The NAFTA came into effect on January 1, 1994 and provided for the elimination of duties on trade of originating goods between Canada, Mexico and the United States.

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As of January 1, 2003, originating goods are not subject to duty when traded between Canada, United States and Mexico.

Unlike the members of the European Union, which is a customs and political union, the NAFTA members do not have a common external tariff that applies to goods imported from outside the free trade area. To ensure that goods are not imported into the country with the lowest external tariff and simply transshipped duty free to the others within the free trade area, special rules of origin are required to ensure that only goods produced within the free trade area benefit from free trade treatment. The rules of origin are complex and must be carefully analyzed by corporations doing business in North America who wish to take advantage of the preferential rates of duty under the NAFTA.

Department of Foreign and International Affairs
Web: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/nafta-alena/menu-e.asp
Email: enqserv@dfait-maeci.gc.ca

Non-union employment relationships in Ontario are governed by the principles of contract law and statute. Since, for the most part, employment law is provincially regulated, most Ontario employment relationships are governed by Ontario’s own distinct set of employment statutes. Certain industries, however, including nuclear power, aeronautics, banking, and inter-provincial transportation for instance, are regulated at the federal level.

8.2 The Ontario Employment Standards Act

In Ontario, the Employment Standards Act (ESA) operates in conjunction with, but not in replacement of, the law of contract. The ESA sets minimum terms and conditions of employment. An employer may provide its employees with greater rights than those contained in the ESA, but they may not offer less than the minimums prescribed by the ESA.

The ESA applies to most employees in Ontario, although the regulations do exempt certain categories of employees from specific provisions of the ESA (for example, hours of work, minimum wages, overtime pay, public holidays and vacation pay).

ESA standards include minimum requirements for notice and/or certain payments upon termination of employment (discussed in more detail below), payment of wages, work hours, paid vacation, public holidays, overtime pay, emergency leave, family medical leave and pregnancy and parental leave. The ESA also provides for an internal mechanism for the enforcement of the prescribed standards. Non-unionized employees who feel that they have been denied any of the prescribed employment standards may pursue their statutory rights at little or no cost to themselves.

Ontario Ministry of Labour
Employment Standards
Tel: 416-326-7160
Web: www.gov.on.ca/LAB/main.htm

a) Public Holidays and Vacation
The ESA outlines the specifics regarding employees’ entitlement to paid public holidays. Employees are entitled to public holiday pay so long as they have worked all of the regularly scheduled workdays preceding and following a public holiday (this is subject to the employer having “reasonable cause” not to pay). There is no minimum period of employment required in order to qualify for this entitlement and the employee need not have earned wages prior to the public holiday in order to benefit from this provision.

In Ontario, the following days are public holidays: New Years Day, Good Friday, Victoria Day, Canada Day, Labour Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and December 26.

Once an employee has worked for 12 months, employees are entitled to receive two weeks of vacation. Employees are also entitled to receive vacation pay in an amount equal to 4% of their annual wages. The ESA defines wages as any monetary remuneration payable by an employer to an employee under the terms of a contract of employment. This would therefore include such things as non-discretionary bonuses, commissions and overtime pay, but would not include payments that are dependent on the discretion of the employer and that are not related to hours, production or efficiency.

b) Pregnancy, Parental, Family Medical, and Emergency Leaves
The ESA provides for four types of unpaid statutory leaves. Pregnancy Leave, Parental Leave, Family Medical Leave and Emergency Leave are briefly described below.

Female employees who have been employed by their current employer for at least 13 weeks prior to the estimated date of birth of the child are entitled to an unpaid leave of absence (Pregnancy Leave) of up to 17 weeks duration.

In addition to Pregnancy Leave, under certain conditions both parents are entitled to take unpaid Parental Leave.

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Unpaid Parental Leave is available for employees who have been employed for at least 13 weeks prior to the birth (or in the case of adoptions, obtaining custody of the child). The employee is entitled to begin the leave within 52 weeks of the birth (or initial custody). Natural mothers, who have taken Pregnancy Leave, must commence their Parental Leave directly after their Pregnancy Leave and are entitled to 35 weeks of Parental Leave. Combined Pregnancy and Parental Leave would therefore be for a maximum period of 52 weeks. Persons who have not taken Pregnancy Leave (typically the father), and are entitled to Parental Leave, are entitled to 37 weeks of Parental Leave.

Any employee who obtains a certificate from a qualified health practitioner stating that a close relative has a serious medical condition with a significant risk of death within the next 26 weeks, and who wishes to take a leave to provide care or support to that relative, will be entitled to unpaid Family Medical Leave of up to 8 weeks per incident. Close relatives for this purpose include the employee’s spouse, a parent, step-parent or foster parent of the employee, and a child, step-child or foster child of the employee or the employee’s spouse.

Employers who regularly employ fifty or more employees in Ontario must allow their employees to take up to 10 unpaid days per year as Emergency Leave, if it is required. Emergency Leave can be taken for one of three categories of reasons:

• a personal illness, injury or medical emergency;
• the death, illness, injury or medical emergency of a family member; or
• an urgent matter concerning a family member.

Family members for the purposes of Emergency Leave are the employee’s spouse; a parent, step-parent or foster parent of the employee, or the employee’s spouse; a child, step-child or foster child of the employee or the employee’s spouse; a grandparent, step-grandparent, grandchild or step-grandchild of the employee or the employee’s spouse; the spouse of an employee’s child; a brother or sister of the employee and a relative of the employee who is dependent on the employee for assistance.

During any of the above mentioned statutory leaves, employees may be entitled to Employment Insurance payments from the Federal Government. Furthermore, any employee who is on any of the four above mentioned leaves is also entitled to the following basic protections:

• Continued participation in all benefit plans (pension plans, life insurance, accidental death and dismemberment plans, extended health plans, dental plans, Short Term Disability (STD) and Long Term Disability (LTD) unless he or she elects not to continue in writing;
• Inclusion of the leave for the purpose of calculating length of employment, length of service, and seniority under any contract of employment; and
• Reinstatement to the position that the employee most recently had after the expiry of the leave subject to a limited exception when employment ends solely for reasons unrelated to the leave (i.e. plant closure, true elimination of the position, etc.). In the event that the former position no longer exists, a comparable job with at least the same wages as the former job must be provided.

c) Minimum Wage
The ESA sets the minimum wage for most Ontario employees at $7.75 per hour as of February 1, 2006. On February 1, 2007, that minimum wage is set to increase to $7.80 per hour. There are numerous exemptions from the minimum wage requirements, and several classes of employees have different prescribed minimum wage entitlements.

d) Hours of Work and Overtime
The ESA sets limits on the hours of work and provides for overtime pay entitlements. As with the other employment standards, there are certain exemptions from these provisions.

For the majority of Ontario employees, employers are not permitted to allow employees to work more than 48 hours in a work week, or more than eight hours in a work day (unless the employer has established a regular work day of more than eight hours). Generally, employees will be entitled to receive overtime of at least one and one-half times the employee’s regular rate for every hour worked, in a week, over 44 hours.

There are also legal rules which permit employees to enter into overtime averaging agreements with their employer as well as rules that allow an employer to apply to the government for excess hour approvals.

e) ESA—Termination of Employment
The ESA prescribes minimum notice periods that apply to all employees in Ontario who have had more than 3 months of service with an employer. These are minimum requirements only, and, as noted below, the courts have a broad discretion to award damages for wrongful dismissal which will exceed the statutory minimums standards. The minimum length of notice required for an individual termination is determined by an employee’s length of service as follows:

Length of Service	Notice Requirement
3 months but less than 1 year	1 week
1 year but less than 3 years	2 weeks
3 years but less than 4 years	3 weeks
4 years but less than 5 years	4 weeks
5 years but less than 6 years	5 weeks
6 years but less than 7 years	6 weeks
7 years but less than 8 years	7 weeks
8 years or more	8 weeks

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Although notice or pay in lieu of notice is not required where the termination is for cause (i.e., if the employee has been guilty of willful misconduct or neglect of duty which has not been condoned by the employer), it is very difficult for an employer to successfully establish that the employee’s conduct was such as to preclude them from the statutory minimums.

The law on “mass” or “collective” terminations applies to terminations of 50 or more employees in Ontario, in the same four week period. Once this threshold is reached, the employer has additional obligations, such as giving special notice to the Ministry of Labour as well as additional notice to the employees who will be terminated. In such circumstances, all employees, regardless of their length of service, are entitled to expanded notice, as follows:

Number of Employees Terminated	Notice
50-199	8 weeks
200-499	12 weeks
500 or more	16 weeks

All employment benefits provided by the employer must be maintained during the applicable notice period. In addition to statutory notice, there are statutory requirements for the payment of severance pay to employees in two circumstances, as follows:

1. when fifty or more employees have their employment terminated by an employer in a period of six months or less, and the terminations are caused by the permanent discontinuance of all or part of the business of the employer at an establishment; or

2. when one or more employees have their employment terminated by an employer with a “payroll” in Ontario of $2.5 million or more.

Should either of these factors be met, the employer must pay severance pay to each employee who has been employed for five or more years. Severance pay is calculated as one week per year of service (including the first five) to a maximum of 26 weeks. In addition, the statute requires that a pro rata calculation be made for partial years of service.

8.3 Common Law Termination Entitlements

In Ontario, in the absence of a written employment contract with an enforceable termination provision, an employee who is terminated without cause is entitled to “reasonable notice,” or pay in lieu of such notice, inclusive of the minimum ESA entitlements (discussed above). Courts have used a variety of factors to determine what reasonable notice is. An employee’s position, length of service, salary and age are the main factors which a court will take into account. It is also relevant whether or not an employee was induced from prior secure employment. In Ontario, reasonable notice has been found to be as high as 27 months. Additionally, if a Court finds that an employer acted in bad faith, or committed an independent actionable wrong, the amount of damages could be increased. If successful, the affected employee will also be able to recover an amount in respect of his or her legal costs.

Employees who successfully bring a common law claim for wrongful dismissal will be entitled to recover pay in lieu of reasonable notice of termination. This is calculated by reference to the reasonable notice period and includes all of the employee’s cash compensation and the cost of benefit continuation throughout the reasonable notice period.

Specific termination provisions contained in a written contract of employment will govern in place of the common law obligations, as long as the Courts do not find the provisions unreasonable. The employee cannot waive the statutory rights provided for in the ESA and any contractual provision purporting to do so will be rendered void.

Ontario Ministry of Labour
Occupational Health and Safety Branch
Tel: 1-800-268-8013
Tel: 416-326-7770
Fax 416-326-7761

Ontario Ministry of Labour
Office of Employer Advisor
Tel: 1-800-387-0774
Tel: 416-327-0020
Fax: 416-327-0726

Ontario Human Rights Commission
Tel: 1-800-387-9080
Tel: 416-314-4500 or 416-326-9511
Fax: 416-326-9520

8.4 Ontario Labour Relations Act (Trade Unions)

Trade unions represent the concerns of employees vis-à- vis the employer. In Ontario, unions are not mandatory. Unions seeking to represent employees must apply to the labour board for certification in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Ontario Labour Relations Act. Certification, for the most part, is sought and granted on a plant-by-plant basis. There are exceptions to this requirement that are specific to the construction industry that will not be discussed here.

The Ontario Labour Relations Act establishes the requirements for collective bargaining and collective agreements and requires certain mandatory provisions such as a no-strike and no-lockout provision for the life of the agreement.

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Bargaining during the life of the agreement is rare on any issue. A system of dispute arbitration to settle disagreements arising during the term of the agreement is also mandatory. Disputes regarding unfair labour practices, certification, decertification, etc. are handled by the Ontario Labour Relations Board.

8.5 The Ontario Human Rights Code

The Ontario Human Rights Code prohibits discrimination in employment on a number of grounds including, but not limited to, the following: race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, age, record of offences, marital status, family status and disability. Moreover, there is a prohibition against harassment in employment. Employees with a discrimination claim will go to the Ontario Human Rights Commission for redress. The Commission will investigate the complaint; both parties could ultimately end up appearing before the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario.

8.6 Other Legislation

Ontario has enacted a number of other statutes that govern or influence the employment relationship. Several of these statutes are described below.

The Workplace Safety and Insurance Act provides for compensation from an employer and province funded insurance scheme in the event that a worker is injured in the course of his/her work. Payment into this scheme is mandatory for the majority of employers. The rate of premiums will vary depending on the rate group and classification of the employer’s work. New employers should contact the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board and inquire about the necessity and process for registration.

The Occupational Health and Safety Act establishes multiple obligations on the part of employers with respect to ensuring a safe workplace. Employers are required to adhere to specific standards, and could face regulatory fines (or even imprisonment) for breaching this legislation. It is the employer’s obligation to take all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of its workers. The regulations passed under the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act contain many specific responsibilities which are imposed on employers to ensure that their workplaces are safe for employees (e.g., where applicable, regulations concerning toxic substances, hazardous equipment and person protective gear). Also, employers in Ontario that regularly employ 20 or more workers are responsible for establishing and maintaining a Joint Health and Safety Committee. The committee is required to meet once every three months and has certain other powers.

The Pay Equity Act requires that employers abide by the concept of equal pay for work of equal value. It applies to all public sector employers and to any other private sector employer which employs ten or more employees. Employers must assess the value of work being performed by individuals in different jobs in order to ensure that employees are receiving equal compensation based upon the assessed value of their employment. Employers must achieve pay equity within their establishment (determined by geographic location). Comparisons must be made in each establishment between female job classes and male job classes in terms of both compensation and the value of the work performed.

In Ontario, privacy legislation does not currently apply to employee information, however it is expected that the Government will introduce such legislation in the near future. Such legislation will govern the collection, use and disclosure of employee personal information.

Canada’s immigration system is generally administered pursuant to two federal statutes and their associated regulations, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Immigration Act) and the Citizenship Act.

An application for entry to Canada will vary depending on a number of factors, including the nature of the visit, the duration of stay, and the applicant’s citizenship. In addition, if a foreign national has resided or sojourned in a “medically designated” country for at least six months within the year immediately prior to seeking entry into Canada, and is seeking to enter Canada for more than six consecutive months, the foreign national may be required to undergo certain medical examinations.

Depending on the purpose and duration of the visit, foreign nationals may enter Canada under different visa categories such as tourist, business visitor or temporary worker categories. Foreign nationals who intend on staying in Canada permanently must apply for permanent resident status.

It should be noted that the Immigration Act and Regulations replaced the previous immigration legislation as of June 28, 2002. The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act and Regulations are aimed at improving efficiency in Canada’s immigration system. This legislation includes a number of provisions to facilitate the entry of skilled foreign workers and family unification.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada
Web: www.cic.gc.ca

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9.2 Visitors to Canada

a) Temporary Resident Visas
The requirement of a temporary resident (visitor) visa for entry to Canada depends on the foreign national’s citizenship. Please contact the Canadian visa post in your country, or visit the Citizenship and Immigration Canada website for a list of countries that are exempt from the temporary resident visa requirements.

b) Business Visitors
Foreign nationals who qualify for entry into Canada as business visitors will not require work permits. However, there are many limitations on the types of activities that a business visitor can engage in. Generally, Business visitors are described as foreign nationals who seek to engage in international business activities in Canada without directly entering the Canadian labour market. Their primary source of remuneration must remain outside Canada.

Mexican and U.S. citizens may rely on the provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which provides for the admission of Mexican and U.S. citizens under the category of “Business Visitor.” Similarly, under the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA), Chilean citizens may qualify as business visitors. Citizens of nations that are members of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) may also qualify for entry into Canada pursuant to the business visitor provisions in that agreement.

Usually, business visitors are representatives of foreign businesses and seek to enter Canada to explore investment opportunities or meet with Canadian companies. Canada’s business visitor provisions provide that the following persons qualify as business visitors (assuming all other requirements for the business visitor category are satisfied): foreign nationals purchasing Canadian goods or services for a foreign business or government, or receiving training or familiarization services in respect of such goods or services; foreign nationals receiving or giving training within a Canadian parent or subsidiary of their foreign employers, where the production of any goods or services is incidental; and foreign nationals representing a foreign business or government for the purpose of selling goods for that business or government, if the foreign national is not engaged in making sales to the general public in Canada.

Foreign nationals may also qualify as business visitors if they are entering Canada for after-sales service to repair, service or provide familiarization services on commercial or industrial equipment or machinery, including computer software that is sold/leased to a Canadian entity, provided these services are part of the original or extended sales/lease agreement, warranty or service contract. Such workers should have documentation to show that the services being provided are part of the original agreements. Similarly, Mexican and U.S. citizens who qualify for entry under the after-sales service provisions of NAFTA, and Chilean citizens who qualify for entry under the after-sales service provisions of CCFTA, are processed as business visitors and will therefore, not require work permits.

Depending on the business visitor’s citizenship, a temporary resident visa may still be required although a work permit may not be required.

9.3 Temporary Work in Canada—Work Permits and Confirmation of Job Offer Requirements

Generally, applying for a Canadian work permit is a two-step process. First, Canadian employers wishing to hire foreign workers must first submit a “Temporary Foreign Worker Application” to the local Human Resources and Social Development Canada Centre (HRSDC). The local HRSDC office will assess the offer of employment and provide an opinion regarding whether the employment of the foreign worker in Canada will likely have a neutral or positive effect on the Canadian labour market. The local HRSDC officer will consider a number of factors including, whether: (i) the work is likely to result in direct job creation or job retention for Canadian citizens or permanent residents; (ii) the work is likely to result in skills and knowledge creation or transfer for the benefit of Canadian citizens or permanent residents; (iii) the work is likely to fill a labour shortage; (iv) the wages and working conditions offered are sufficient to attract Canadian citizens or permanent residents to, and retain them in, that work; (v) the employer has made, or has agreed to make, reasonable efforts to hire or train Canadian citizens or permanent residents; and (vi) the employment of the foreign national is likely to affect the settlement of any labour dispute in progress or the employment of any person involved in the dispute.

In addition to providing evidence of any local recruitment efforts, employers should also make HRSDC officials aware of any significant benefits potentially accruing to the company or Canada as a result of hiring the foreign worker. In addition to the above paragraph, such benefits could include the attraction of a worker with exceptional skills, the ability to enhance the knowledge and skill level of existing employees through training and/or, increased corporate competitiveness directly attributable to the addition of the foreign worker.

Once the “Labour Market Opinion” is issued by the local HRSDC office for a particular position, the foreign worker who is offered the position must then apply for a work permit at a Canadian visa office abroad.

Certain foreign nationals such as U.S. citizens and persons lawfully admitted into the United States for permanent residence, may apply for a work permit at a port of entry.

Pursuant to Canada’s Immigration Act and Regulations, a Temporary Foreign Worker Application may be submitted to the local HRSDC with respect to a single job offer made by an employer, or a number of job offers made by a single employer or a group of employers.

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The labour market opinion process may be streamlined if the foreign worker qualifies under any existing sectoral agreements. Due to a shortage of qualified workers in certain industries, HRSDC and interested stake-holders have negotiated sectoral agreements to facilitate the temporary entry of foreign workers in certain sectors/occupations such as agricultural, film and entertainment, and academic sectors/occupations. The employer does not have to obtain a job-specific job approval for each foreign national.

There may be occasions when a sector or employer may have specific needs that cannot be met by the Canadian labour market. HRSDC, as part of their foreign worker policy, may entertain, on a pilot basis, the entry of a large number of foreign workers, provided that there are employment contracts between the employer and the foreign workers and that there is on-going monitoring of activity under the agreements.

Other examples of these programs are:

9.4 Temporary Work in Canada – Work Permits without HRDC Confirmations

Of interest to businesses expanding or establishing their operations in Canada would be the following categories which require a work permit, but exempt employers from the need to obtain an HRSDC Labour Market Opinion.

a) Intra-Company Transfers
Under Canada’s Immigration Regulations, executives, managers, and persons in positions of “specialized knowledge” transferring from a foreign employer to an affiliate, branch, subsidiary or parent of the foreign employer, may qualify for work permits without HRSDC approval.” Specialized knowledge is generally defined as advanced or specialized knowledge of the company’s product, service, research equipment, techniques or management not readily available in Canada. The transferees must have been employed in an executive, managerial or specialized knowledge position for at least one year within the previous three years before transferring to an executive, managerial or specialized knowledge position at the Canadian operation.

Under the intra-company transferee provisions of GATS, NAFTA and CCFTA, executives, managers, and persons in positions of “specialized knowledge,” may qualify for work permits without HRSDC approval. As well, to qualify under the intra-company transferee provisions under GATS, NAFTA and CCFTA, foreign workers must also meet citizenship requirements and requirements related to length of employment with the foreign employer. In addition, certain business sector requirements apply under GATS. The length of time for which a work permit may be issued varies depending on the circumstances.

b) Significant Benefit to Canada
The “significant benefits” provision in Canada’s Immigration Regulations is usually used in situations not otherwise covered. A work permit under this category is issued where it is clear that the foreign worker will perform work that could create or maintain significant social, cultural or economic benefits or opportunities for Canadian citizens or permanent residents.

c) Reciprocity
The “reciprocal benefits” provision in Canada’s Immigration Regulations is usually used where it can be demonstrated that specific reciprocal employment opportunities exist for Canadian citizens or permanent residents in the foreign worker’s country. For example, a Canadian company that maintains an exchange program whereby Canadian employees are relocated abroad to a subsidiary or parent company may benefit from this provision to transfer foreign staff to its Canadian operations.

d) NAFTA/GATS/CCFTA
Under the NAFTA, U.S. or Mexican citizens seeking entry to develop and direct the operations of a U.S. or Mexican enterprise located in Canada may qualify for work permits if the individuals have made, or are making, a substantial investment,. Employees may also qualify if they are executives, managers, or in possession of skills essential to the operations in Canada. Chilean citizens may qualify for work permits pursuant to similar provisions under the CCFTA.

9.5 Other Requirements

In addition to meeting the requirements outlined above, temporary foreign workers, and their accompanying family members, may be required to pass immigration medical examinations and security screenings imposed by the Immigration Act and Regulations. An individual who does not meet these requirements may apply for a “Temporary Resident Permit.” Whether such a permit will be issued depends on the severity of the individual’s medical problem or criminal record.

Fast Facts
The familiar green plastic garbage bag was invented by Henry Wasylyk from Winnipeg and Larry Hansen, a Union Carbide employee in Lindsay, Ontario.

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9.6 Permanent Residents Status

Foreign nationals interested in residing in Canada permanently must apply for permanent resident status.

An individual may apply under a number of categories including the Family Class Category, the Skilled Worker Class Category or the Business Class Category. Certain provinces/territories have also established their own Provincial Nominee Programs.

Regardless of the category, applicants must also pass medical and criminal checks (unless an exemption applies).

a) Family Class Applicants
To qualify under the Family Class category, the applicant must be sponsored by a qualifying close relative who is currently living in Canada as a citizen or a permanent resident.

b) Skilled Worker Class Applicants
Skilled Worker Class applicants seeking permanent admission to Canada are assessed according to a point system. Weight is given to a number of factors including the applicant’s age, education, work experience, language skills, arranged employment, and adaptability.

c) Business Class Categories
Business applicants seeking permanent admission may apply as Entrepreneurs, Investors or Self-employed individuals. Entrepreneurs must demonstrate “business experience” through having had a management and ownership role in a qualifying business as measured by number of employees, sales, net income and equity share. Additionally, they must meet a minimum net worth requirement, and after becoming a permanent resident, undertake to create and manage a business in Canada that will meet employee, sales, net income and equity shares criteria.

Investors must also demonstrate business management or ownership experience and meet a minimum net worth requirement. They must also make an investment of $400,000 for a minimum five-year period in the Immigrant Investor Fund.

Self-employed applicants must demonstrate relevant experience and the ability to create their own employment that will make a significant contribution in cultural activities or athletics, or with the intention of purchasing and managing a farm in Canada.

9.7 Retaining Permanent Resident Status

Permanent residents of Canada must be physically in Canada for at least 730 days in every five-year period in order to retain their immigration status.

However, certain exceptions may apply, thus, allowing longer absences from Canada. For example, a permanent resident who is absent from Canada for more than 1,095 days within any five-year period may retain his or her permanent resident status if he or she was absent from Canada to accompany a spouse, common-law partner, or parent (if the permanent resident is a child who is under the age of 22), who is a Canadian citizen. Similarly, a permanent resident may retain status if he or she could not meet the residency requirement because he or she was working outside Canada on a full-time basis for a Canadian business or the Canadian government. Another exception applies if the reason for the absence was that the permanent resident was accompanying a Canadian permanent resident spouse, common-law partner, or parent (if the permanent resident is a child who is under the age of 22), who was working outside Canada on a full-time basis for a Canadian business or the Canadian government.

Immigration officers may also consider whether sufficient humanitarian and compassionate grounds exist to justify the retention of permanent resident status in cases where the an individual has not met the residency requirement.

9.8 Permanent Resident Cards and Travel Documents

Generally, all permanent residents traveling outside Canada and planning to return to Canada are now required to present a valid permanent resident card in order to return to Canada.

Canadian “anti-trust” law is contained primarily in the federal Competition Act which includes both criminal (such as price-fixing) and non-criminal (such as exclusive dealing) provisions.

Criminal offences include conspiracy, bid-rigging, discriminatory and predatory pricing, price maintenance and certain misleading advertising or deceptive marketing practices. The sanctions for criminal offences involve fines and prison sentences. Individuals as well as companies may be charged. Prohibition orders (court orders forbidding certain activities) and interim injunctions (temporary court orders forbidding certain activities until a hearing is held) may also be obtained from the court. The Competition Act creates a civil right of action with respect to all conduct which violates the criminal provisions of the Act.

The Competition Act also regulates deceptive telemarketing practices, disclosure in relation to promotional contests, double ticketing, pyramid selling, “bait-and-switch” selling (where a product is advertised at a bargain price, and a reasonable supply is not available) and selling above an advertised price.

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Non-criminal reviewable matters include misleading advertising, abuse of dominant position, refusal to deal, consignment selling, exclusive dealing, tied selling, market restriction and delivered pricing. These practices are not per se illegal, but depending on the circumstances, may lead to an order prohibiting their continuation. These matters, when referred by the Commissioner, are reviewed by the Compet- ition Tribunal under non-criminal law standards and may be resolved by the issuance of an order by the Tribunal terminating the restrictive practice. A right of private access has also been established that in limited circumstances permits private parties to bring actions directly before the Tribunal.

Mergers are also regulated, and the Competition Act requires pre-notification of significant merger transactions.

Competition Bureau
Tel: 613-957-3172
Fax: 613-957-3170
Web: www.competitionbureau.gc.ca
Email: compbureau@ic.gc.ca

There is considerable legislation, at both the federal and provincial levels, relating to the advertising and labelling of prepackaged consumer products. The primary federal labelling statute is the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act (CPLA). Labelling, advertising and other regulatory requirements are also found in customs and importation laws, in the federal Competition Act, as well as in product-specific legislation, such as the Food and Drugs Act, the Hazardous Products Act, the Telecommunications Act, the Radiocommunication Act, and the Textile Labelling Act. In addition, labelling is impacted by product liability law, which imposes a general duty to warn against reasonably foreseeable harms.

11.2 Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act (CPLA) and Regulations

The CPLA and regulations apply, with some exceptions, to all prepackaged products intended for sale to consumers. The label of a prepackaged product must generally contain the following mandatory information:

a) Net Quantity Declaration
The net quantity must be declared on the principal display panel of the product in English and French, in metric units, or by numerical count, depending on the product. It must generally be declared by volume where the product is a liquid or gas and by weight where the product is a solid. The declaration must be accurate within prescribed tolerances.

b) Product Identity Declaration
The identity of the prepackaged product must be shown on the principal display panel in both English and French, using the common or generic name or the function of the product.

c) Dealer Declaration
The term “dealer” can include a manufacturer, processor or producer, an importer or packer, or a distributor or retailer of a product. The dealer’s name and the address of its principal place of business must be shown in English or French, anywhere on the outer surface of the package except the bottom, with some exceptions. The address must be sufficient to allow a postal delivery to be made.

In the case of an imported product, the name and address must be preceded by the words “Imported by” or “Imported for” (and their French equivalent) unless the geographic origin of the product is stated. There are specific requirements for the size of the type in which information required by the CPLA must be shown.

11.3 Imported Goods Regulations

In addition to the CPLA, the marking of many goods imported into Canada is governed by the Marking of Imported Goods Regulations, which require specified goods imported into Canada to be marked in English or French to indicate the country of origin. The markings are required to be conspicuous, legible, sufficiently permanent, and capable of being easily seen during ordinary handling of the goods. Different marking rules apply depending on whether goods are imported from NAFTA or non-NAFTA countries.

11.4 Product Specific Legislation

a) The Food and Drugs Act and Regulations
Detailed regulations under the Food and Drugs Act (FDA) apply to all drugs, natural health products, medical devices, cosmetics and human foods sold or advertised in Canada:

• Drugs (both prescription and over-the-counter), natural health products and certain medical devices require premarket authorization and licensing, and all are subject to specific packaging, labelling and advertising requirements.

• Cosmetics are subject to packaging and labelling requirements, ingredient restrictions, and limitations on claims; in addition, cosmetics must be registered within 10 days of their date of first sale in Canada, and cosmetic labels are required to carry an ingredient listing beginning in fall 2006.
• Foods must comply with applicable compositional, packaging, advertising and labelling standards; prepack